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基于碳點(diǎn)的熒光探針設(shè)計(jì)策略與傳感應(yīng)用

嘉峪檢測(cè)網(wǎng)        2024-07-09 08:37

摘 要: 對(duì)基于碳點(diǎn)的熒光探針設(shè)計(jì)策略及其在傳感領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行綜述。介紹包括光致電子轉(zhuǎn)移、分子內(nèi)電荷轉(zhuǎn)移、Förster共振轉(zhuǎn)移、內(nèi)濾效應(yīng)、聚集猝滅和聚集誘導(dǎo)發(fā)射等多種設(shè)計(jì)策略及其機(jī)理,并對(duì)碳點(diǎn)熒光探針在重金屬離子、抗生素、農(nóng)藥殘留、生物小分子和腫瘤標(biāo)志物等的檢測(cè)應(yīng)用進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述。碳點(diǎn)熒光探針具有其獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì),并已成功應(yīng)用于多種分子傳感,但其產(chǎn)率低、純化時(shí)間長(zhǎng),高熒光性能的碳點(diǎn)缺乏等是未來(lái)亟需解決的問(wèn)題。

 

關(guān)鍵詞: 碳點(diǎn); 熒光探針; 設(shè)計(jì)策略; 傳感應(yīng)用

 

 

重要的化學(xué)和生物信息的獲取對(duì)人類探索化學(xué)和生命中各種現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)具有重要意義。熒光探針具有靈敏度高、選擇性好、操作方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可對(duì)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)、無(wú)損分析,廣泛應(yīng)用于食品安全、環(huán)境保護(hù)、生化分析、藥物檢測(cè)、生物成像和疾病診斷等領(lǐng)域[1?2]。熒光探針主要包括識(shí)別基團(tuán)(識(shí)別/標(biāo)記單元)、發(fā)光基團(tuán)(信號(hào)響應(yīng)單元)和連接橋三部分,其中識(shí)別基團(tuán)決定了不同分析物的選擇性,發(fā)光基團(tuán)將識(shí)別信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)化為熒光信號(hào)[3?4]。傳統(tǒng)有機(jī)熒光染料具有較高的熒光量子產(chǎn)率,但其合成復(fù)雜,光穩(wěn)定性差,Stokes位移較小,水溶性不佳。近年來(lái),包括半導(dǎo)體量子點(diǎn)(QDs)、貴金屬納米簇和上轉(zhuǎn)換納米粒子在內(nèi)的新型納米熒光材料迅速涌現(xiàn),依賴于獨(dú)特的熒光和表面性質(zhì)以及優(yōu)異的水分散性,被廣泛應(yīng)用于傳感和生物成像領(lǐng)域[5?7]。然而,其中大多數(shù)材料含有重金屬元素,極大地制約了生物相容性。

碳點(diǎn)(CDs)是一種粒徑在10 nm以下的零維碳材料粒子,具有sp2或sp3雜化的晶型或無(wú)定型內(nèi)核,表面擁有豐富的含氧基團(tuán),包括—OH、—COOH、—COH等[8]。碳點(diǎn)具有優(yōu)異的生物相容性、穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)和理化性質(zhì)、獨(dú)特的光學(xué)特性、表面基團(tuán)豐富和碳源廣泛易得等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已被廣泛應(yīng)用于能源、環(huán)境和生物醫(yī)學(xué)等諸多領(lǐng)域[9]。在碳點(diǎn)諸多理化性質(zhì)中,熒光發(fā)射被認(rèn)為最重要的,目前對(duì)于發(fā)光機(jī)理有多種解釋,其中量子限制效應(yīng)、表面態(tài)、碳核態(tài)、分子熒光和協(xié)同效應(yīng)是廣泛被接受的發(fā)光機(jī)制理論[10?11]。同時(shí),可通過(guò)溶劑效應(yīng)、濃度效應(yīng)、pH值調(diào)節(jié)、雜原子摻雜和表面修飾等方面對(duì)碳點(diǎn)熒光性質(zhì)進(jìn)行調(diào)控[11?12]。

筆者對(duì)碳點(diǎn)熒光探針的設(shè)計(jì)策略和在傳感領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行總結(jié),分析了所面臨的一些挑戰(zhàn),期待為基于碳點(diǎn)熒光探針的開(kāi)發(fā)與應(yīng)用提供新的思路和方法。

 

 

1、 基于碳點(diǎn)的熒光探針設(shè)計(jì)策略

 

 

基于碳點(diǎn)的熒光探針的設(shè)計(jì)主要有光致電子轉(zhuǎn)移(PET)、分子內(nèi)電荷轉(zhuǎn)移(ICT)、Förster共振轉(zhuǎn)移(FRET)、內(nèi)濾效應(yīng)(IFE)、聚集猝滅(ACQ)和聚集誘導(dǎo)發(fā)射(AIE)等策略。

1.1 光致電子轉(zhuǎn)移

PET系統(tǒng)由信號(hào)響應(yīng)單元、連接橋和識(shí)別受體組成,通過(guò)受體和熒光團(tuán)之間的電子轉(zhuǎn)移影響熒光強(qiáng)度。根據(jù)電子傳遞方向,PET可分為a-PET和d-PET兩類。Huang等[13]報(bào)道了基于碳點(diǎn)與四環(huán)素(TC)之間PET過(guò)程的多功能檢測(cè)平臺(tái)。TC在光誘導(dǎo)下達(dá)到激發(fā)態(tài),電子瞬間從TC (電子供體)的HOMO軌道轉(zhuǎn)移到CDs (電子受體)的HOMO軌道,CDs被激發(fā)的熒光團(tuán)被還原,導(dǎo)致熒光強(qiáng)度下降,即a-PET。Ghosh等[14]將水熱處理檸檬皮所得碳點(diǎn)與不同聚酰胺胺(PAMAM)樹(shù)枝狀大分子偶聯(lián)得到CD-PAMAM偶聯(lián)物(CDPs),其中CDP3可高選擇性檢測(cè)Cu(Ⅱ)。Cu(Ⅱ)與CDP3的胺基絡(luò)合導(dǎo)致Cu(Ⅱ)的d軌道分裂,導(dǎo)致電子從CDP3的激發(fā)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移到Cu(Ⅱ)的d軌道,導(dǎo)致熒光猝滅,猝滅率高達(dá)93%,即d-PET。因此,在a-PET中,受體的最高占據(jù)分子軌道(HOMO)的能級(jí)遠(yuǎn)高于熒光團(tuán),電子從受體轉(zhuǎn)移到熒光團(tuán)。對(duì)應(yīng)地在d-PET中,電子轉(zhuǎn)移是從熒光團(tuán)的激發(fā)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移到受體的最低未占據(jù)分子軌道(LUMO)。

1.2 分子內(nèi)電荷轉(zhuǎn)移

Zhang等[15]溶劑熱處理2-硝基-4-氨基二苯胺合成了選擇性的光氣響應(yīng)碳點(diǎn),其表面胺基可與光氣發(fā)生酰胺反應(yīng)。碳點(diǎn)表面富電子的羥基/胺基與吸電子的硝基形成推拉電子體系,引發(fā)ICT過(guò)程產(chǎn)生熒光。當(dāng)光氣與表面胺基反應(yīng)后,減少了胺基數(shù)量,同時(shí)引入羰基增加了吸電子基團(tuán),促進(jìn)了電荷轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程,導(dǎo)致發(fā)生紅移,因此,電子給體(D)和電子受體(A)形成一個(gè)大的D-π-A共軛結(jié)構(gòu)。分析物的加入可能會(huì)影響D或A的推或拉電子能力,從而導(dǎo)致熒光光譜的藍(lán)移或紅移。

1.3 Förster共振轉(zhuǎn)移

Mahani等[16]報(bào)道了基于碳量子點(diǎn)(CQDs)的分子信標(biāo)(MB)信號(hào)增強(qiáng)熒光共振轉(zhuǎn)移(FRET)納米生物傳感器,用于熒光檢測(cè)microRNA-21。在MB處于“off”狀態(tài)下,CQDs的發(fā)射光譜與淬滅分子的吸收光譜的重疊,導(dǎo)致熒光信號(hào)很弱。將microRNA-21分子加入到樣品中,發(fā)卡型的MB打開(kāi),CQD與猝滅分子距離增加,從而觀察到CQD的熒光發(fā)射。Förster共振轉(zhuǎn)移體系含有兩個(gè)熒光團(tuán),分別作為能量供體和能量受體,這兩個(gè)分子之間通過(guò)偶極-偶極耦合進(jìn)行低輻射能量轉(zhuǎn)移。此現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生需要兩個(gè)基團(tuán)的距離非常近,并且供體發(fā)射光譜和受體吸收光譜必須重疊。分析物的加入可能改變供體和受體之間的距離或改變供體或受體的吸收或發(fā)射光譜,從而干擾FRET過(guò)程,導(dǎo)致熒光波長(zhǎng)和強(qiáng)度的變化。

1.4 內(nèi)濾效應(yīng)

He等[17]利用銀納米粒(AgNPs)與碳點(diǎn)之間的IFE,設(shè)計(jì)用于檢測(cè)亞硫酸鹽和亞硫酸氫鹽(SO32-/HSO3-)的新型熒光探針(CDs-AgNP/H2O2)。由于AgNPs的吸收和CDs的激發(fā)之間的光譜重疊,CDs的熒光可以被AgNPs猝滅,H2O2通過(guò)氧化AgNPs減弱IFE,恢復(fù)熒光。然而,當(dāng)SO32-/HSO3-存在時(shí),可與H2O2發(fā)生氧化還原反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致熒光再次猝滅。值得注意的是,AgNPs與CDs距離較大,且存在AgNPs的情況下,CDs的熒光壽命基本不受影響,說(shuō)明CDs與AgNPs之間沒(méi)有能量轉(zhuǎn)移。IFE同樣需要熒光團(tuán)與受體存在光譜重疊,但與FRET機(jī)理不同的是兩者之間沒(méi)有嚴(yán)苛的距離要求,且不存在能量轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程,因此熒光壽命沒(méi)有明顯變化。

1.5 聚集猝滅

Wang等[18]設(shè)計(jì)合成了可重復(fù)利用的紅色發(fā)射碳點(diǎn)(R-CDs),利用水誘導(dǎo)的R-CDs聚集猝滅現(xiàn)象,實(shí)現(xiàn)了乙醇含量的測(cè)定。這可歸因于水分子對(duì)R-CDs的表面吸附,中和了部分負(fù)電荷,導(dǎo)致粒子間靜電排斥力減弱促進(jìn)聚集的發(fā)生。熒光團(tuán)在稀溶液中表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈熒光,但在高濃度或固態(tài)下熒光強(qiáng)度下降或消失,這種現(xiàn)象即聚集猝滅。ACQ探針主要受氫鍵、疏水效應(yīng)、靜電相互作用、堆積等影響。

1.6 聚集誘導(dǎo)發(fā)射

Wan等[19]微波合成了具有AIE特性的親水性黃色熒光碳點(diǎn)(Y-CDs),其在水溶液中表現(xiàn)出微弱的黃色熒光(PLQY=6.14%),而在固態(tài)下熒光顯著增強(qiáng)(PLQY=58.35%)。Y-CDs在溶液中的熒光發(fā)射強(qiáng)度隨著不良溶劑組分的增加而持續(xù)增加,這是由于聚集可以抑制表面基團(tuán)的運(yùn)動(dòng),降低非輻射率。與ACQ相對(duì)的AIE是指分子在稀溶液中不發(fā)光,但在高濃度或固態(tài)下表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的熒光。分子內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)(RIM)機(jī)制是AIE的普遍機(jī)制:即在聚集狀態(tài)下,AIE分子內(nèi)鍵的振動(dòng)和旋轉(zhuǎn)受到周圍分子的相互作用或自然物理約束的極大限制,從而抑制了非輻射衰減通道,導(dǎo)致高發(fā)光。

 

 

2、 基于碳點(diǎn)的熒光探針傳感應(yīng)用

 

 

熒光發(fā)射作為碳點(diǎn)最重要的性質(zhì),被廣泛應(yīng)用于能源、環(huán)境和生物醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域。

2.1 重金屬離子傳感應(yīng)用

重金屬離子如Fe3+、Hg2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Ag+、Au+、Cr3+、Al3+等廣泛存在于工業(yè)廢水中,對(duì)環(huán)境安全和人類安全存在巨大隱患[20]。金屬離子可通過(guò)多種機(jī)理與碳點(diǎn)相互作用,對(duì)其熒光強(qiáng)度產(chǎn)生影響。在金屬離子與CDs相互作用過(guò)程中,熒光增強(qiáng)很少被觀察到,但熒光猝滅已被大量報(bào)道[21]。目前用于金屬離子檢測(cè)的探針已被大量報(bào)道,但是新的選擇性、高靈敏、低成本的重金屬檢測(cè)器仍是必要的。

鐵是人體必需微量元素,以Fe2+和Fe3+形式存在,過(guò)量的鐵元素是導(dǎo)致多種疾病的重要因素,其中由不溶的Fe3+產(chǎn)生自由基危害更大。Shah等[22]選擇鐵離子螯合劑N-羥乙基乙二胺三乙酸(HEDTA)為原料,一步水熱制備了N摻雜碳點(diǎn),在0.76~400 μmol/L濃度范圍內(nèi)表現(xiàn)出良好的線性響應(yīng),檢測(cè)限(LOD)低至0.16 μmol/L,表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)越的靈敏性和選擇性。檸檬酸/氨水衍生碳點(diǎn)表面含有豐富的—OH、—COOH、—NH2和—C=O等官能團(tuán),可輕易與Fe3+絡(luò)合,從而限制電子轉(zhuǎn)移導(dǎo)致CDs的熒光猝滅,雖然其LOD僅為0.9 μmol/L,但以此所制備的試紙和復(fù)合水凝膠相較于傳統(tǒng)水溶液使用更加方便[23]。然而低激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)限制了碳點(diǎn)的體內(nèi)應(yīng)用,Xu等[24]報(bào)道藍(lán)/紅雙色發(fā)射碳點(diǎn)(DCDs),低激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)下對(duì)Fe3+具有良好的響應(yīng),LOD低至0.067 μmol/L;而在高激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)下表現(xiàn)出紅色發(fā)射可用于細(xì)胞成像。Sun等[25]利用碳點(diǎn)修飾上轉(zhuǎn)換納米粒子作為熒光納米探針(UCNPs@CDs)用于Fe2+/Fe3+共檢測(cè)。基于番茄、秸稈、西瓜、梅子、哈密瓜等天然來(lái)源碳點(diǎn)也被報(bào)道用于Fe3+的熒光傳感[26?29]。

汞離子(Hg2+)作為毒性最強(qiáng)的重金屬離子之一,在環(huán)境中容易積累,并沿食物鏈產(chǎn)生富集,對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及人類健康產(chǎn)生潛在危害[30]。比率型熒光探針檢測(cè)Hg2+,提高了檢測(cè)靈敏度[31?32]。Li等[33]合成了藍(lán)色碳點(diǎn)和綠色碳點(diǎn),提高了檢測(cè)靈敏度,彌補(bǔ)了單個(gè)碳點(diǎn)的不足,對(duì)Hg2+有較好的選擇檢測(cè)效果,肉眼檢出限可達(dá)0.05 μmol/L。Fan等[34]報(bào)道基于熒光試紙的傳感器,與智能手機(jī)結(jié)合,實(shí)現(xiàn)了快速的視覺(jué)定量檢測(cè),降低分析時(shí)間和成本。有機(jī)汞化合物毒性遠(yuǎn)高于無(wú)機(jī)汞,Li等[35]利用去甲腎上腺素衍生碳點(diǎn)與金納米粒子合成了具有高靈敏度的納米酶復(fù)合物(NA-CDs/AuNPs),用作甲基汞(MeHg+)檢測(cè)的新型比色探針,檢出限為0.06 μg/L。區(qū)別于其他“on-off”型探針,Yadav等[36]構(gòu)建碳點(diǎn)摻雜二氧化硅復(fù)合材料(CD@DFNS@SH),Hg2+存在時(shí)PET過(guò)程被破壞,導(dǎo)致CDs的紅色熒光恢復(fù)。

鉛離子(Pb2+)也是毒性最強(qiáng)的重金屬元素之一。Liu等[37]以半胱氨酸偶聯(lián)碳點(diǎn)與金納米粒構(gòu)建了“off-on”型FRET熒光探針,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)Pb2+高選擇性傳感,LOD低至0.05 μmol/L。Wang等[38?39]通過(guò)ZIF-8封裝雙碳點(diǎn)或利用GSH修飾金屬無(wú)響應(yīng)碳點(diǎn)構(gòu)建了雙發(fā)射比率型熒光檢測(cè)平臺(tái),LOD分別為4.78 nmol/L和2.7 nmol/L,進(jìn)一步提高了對(duì)Pb2+檢測(cè)靈敏度。Yong等[40]以藍(lán)藻為碳源實(shí)現(xiàn)碳點(diǎn)的克級(jí)制備,獲得了具有三重發(fā)射的紅光碳點(diǎn)(RCDs),在固態(tài)下具有良好的熒光,成功用作Pb2+和pH的可視化比率熒光傳感器,實(shí)現(xiàn)了更為綠色高效的策略。而基于雙發(fā)射碳點(diǎn)的比率型紙傳感器的出現(xiàn)實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)Pb2+的可視化檢測(cè),更好地適應(yīng)多變的檢測(cè)環(huán)境[41?42]。Olorunyomi等[43]將金納米粒子和巰基功能化碳點(diǎn)修飾在金屬有機(jī)框架(MOF)表面,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)低水平重金屬進(jìn)行低水平響應(yīng)。

基于碳點(diǎn)的熒光探針也廣泛應(yīng)用于Cu2+、Ag+、Al3+等其他金屬離子的檢測(cè)[44?47]。相較于單離子響應(yīng)探針,多金屬響應(yīng)的碳點(diǎn)可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)復(fù)雜樣本中多種重金屬離子的同時(shí)檢測(cè)[48?50]。Xu等[51]過(guò)一步水熱法合成氮硫共摻雜碳點(diǎn)(N,S-CDs),用于Fe3+和抗壞血酸(AA)的次序檢測(cè)。Fe3+與碳點(diǎn)表面基團(tuán)絡(luò)合形成復(fù)合物,導(dǎo)致熒光的靜態(tài)猝滅,LOD僅為57 nmol/L;而AA通過(guò)Fe3+還原為Fe2+有效地恢復(fù)了猝滅熒光,LOD為38 nmol/L。基于這種“on-off-on”策略,多樣的探針被設(shè)計(jì)合成,可實(shí)現(xiàn)金屬離子與其他物質(zhì)的順序檢測(cè),包括生物硫醇、陰離子、抗生素、抗壞血酸和鳥(niǎo)苷酸等[51?55]。對(duì)于環(huán)境安全與公共健康而言,具有定量檢測(cè)和清除的雙重功能的熒光復(fù)合材料尤為重要,不僅可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)金屬離子高選擇性測(cè)定,還可表面吸附生成穩(wěn)定的復(fù)合物以實(shí)現(xiàn)清除[56?58]。

2.2 抗生素傳感應(yīng)用

抗生素的誤用及濫用產(chǎn)生并加劇了細(xì)菌的耐藥性,嚴(yán)重威脅全球生物與環(huán)境健康。Dang等[59]制備了基于“on-off-on”策略高選擇的N摻雜碳點(diǎn),對(duì)銅離子和聯(lián)吡啶進(jìn)行次序檢測(cè),LOD分別為0.076 nmol/L和0.4 nmol/L。Cheng等[60]合成了具有橙色發(fā)光的水溶性N,S共摻雜碳點(diǎn)(N,S-CDs),基于IFE機(jī)制用作金霉素(CTC)和槲皮素的多功能檢測(cè)平臺(tái),克服了短波長(zhǎng)的缺陷,實(shí)現(xiàn)了水、牛奶樣品中CTC和啤酒樣品中槲皮素的檢測(cè),LOD分別為32.36 nmol/L和6.87 nmol/L,并用于細(xì)胞成像。此外,為增強(qiáng)碳點(diǎn)熒光強(qiáng)度,提高檢測(cè)靈敏度,包括MOF、二氧化硅微球等多種納米材料與碳點(diǎn)結(jié)合構(gòu)建了新型傳感材料[61?62]。Fu等[63]將具有斯托克斯型和反斯托克斯型發(fā)射的雙模CDs錨定在功能載體上,通過(guò)配位效應(yīng)和信號(hào)放大效應(yīng)提高熒光靈敏度。該熒光傳感器具有下/上轉(zhuǎn)換雙激勵(lì)多發(fā)射特性,可用于甲砜霉素(TAP)的精確、靈敏和選擇性可視檢測(cè),下行通道和上行通道的LOD分別為1.9 nmol/L和0.9 nmol/L。此外,便攜的基于碳點(diǎn)熒光探針智能手機(jī)集成熒光傳感裝置被用來(lái)替代昂貴的熒光分光光度計(jì),使檢測(cè)過(guò)程變得高效、經(jīng)濟(jì),適應(yīng)復(fù)雜多變的檢測(cè)場(chǎng)景[55]。Zhang等[64]成功制備了基于N,P共摻雜碳點(diǎn)修飾鐵基MOF,并與分子印跡聚合物(MIP)結(jié)合得到了新型熒光仿生傳感探針(NH2-MIL-53&N,P-CDs@MIP),用于選擇性檢測(cè)CTC。在最佳條件下,NH2-MIL-53&N,P-CDs@MIP探針對(duì)LOD僅為0.019 μg/mL,更重要的是,利用該探針的便攜性智能手機(jī)集成熒光傳感裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)CTC的定量測(cè)定,LOD為0.033 μg/mL。此外,基于散沫花、桂花葉、火龍果皮、圣羅勒、番木瓜籽、番茄莖等綠色來(lái)源碳點(diǎn)也被應(yīng)用于抗生素檢測(cè)[65?70]。

2.3 農(nóng)藥傳感應(yīng)用

農(nóng)藥殘留對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人類健康造成巨大威脅。酶抑制型探針已被廣泛應(yīng)用于農(nóng)藥的檢測(cè),農(nóng)藥作為酶抑制劑可間接影響熒光強(qiáng)度。乙酰膽堿酯酶(AChE)可催化乙酰膽堿(ATCh)生成含有巰基的硫代膽堿(Tch),Tch對(duì)金屬離子有較高的親和力,因此AChE在農(nóng)殘檢測(cè)中被廣泛應(yīng)用[71]。基于Cu2+離子對(duì)碳量子點(diǎn)表面羧基的親和力與硫代膽堿之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)配位作用,Mahmoudi等[72]成功設(shè)計(jì)了AChE抑制型碳點(diǎn)熒光探針,并成功用于馬拉硫磷和毒死蜱兩種有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥的高效檢測(cè),檢出限分別為1.70、1.50 μg/mL。Li等[73]建立了雙發(fā)射型羅丹明B修飾硫量子點(diǎn)(RhB-SQDs)傳感平臺(tái),通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)堿性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,對(duì)天然水樣和蔬菜中有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥2,4-D進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。底物對(duì)硝基苯磷酸鹽(PNPP)經(jīng)堿性磷酸酯(ALP)水解產(chǎn)生對(duì)硝基苯酚(PNP),由于IFE導(dǎo)致RhB-SQDs在455 nm處熒光猝滅,2,4-D通過(guò)抑制ALP中斷酶促反應(yīng)減弱IFE致使熒光恢復(fù)。然而,酶活性受多種因素影響,對(duì)檢測(cè)的要求比較苛刻,且成本較高,因此無(wú)酶的農(nóng)殘?zhí)结権酱鉀Q。通過(guò)摻雜策略改善碳點(diǎn)表面形態(tài),協(xié)調(diào)熒光性質(zhì),借助自身官能團(tuán)與農(nóng)藥分子之間的相互作用對(duì)熒光強(qiáng)度產(chǎn)生影響,從而達(dá)到定量檢測(cè)的目的[74?75]。Zhao等[76]水熱處理聚丙烯酸和磷酸制備了橙色發(fā)光碳點(diǎn),通過(guò)“on-off-on”模式定量分析Ag+和草甘膦,LOD分別為1.8 μmol/L和6.2 μmol/L。此外,為提高抗干擾能力,結(jié)合了MIP、多孔印跡微球(MIMs)、適配體、抗體等特異性識(shí)別單元的新型碳點(diǎn)熒光探針檢測(cè)平臺(tái)被大量報(bào)道,并成功用于多種樣品的農(nóng)殘檢測(cè)[77?80]。Nair等[81]建立了硫摻雜石墨烯量子點(diǎn)(S-GQD)傳感器,通過(guò)S-GQD-適配體復(fù)合物與適配體-氧樂(lè)果復(fù)合物的結(jié)構(gòu)切換,可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)氧樂(lè)果的高選擇和超靈敏檢測(cè)。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),S-GQD通過(guò)與適配體形成復(fù)合物發(fā)生聚集導(dǎo)致熒光猝滅,當(dāng)與適配體親和力更高的氧樂(lè)果加入后,S-GQD-適配體復(fù)合物發(fā)生分解,S-GQD重新分散致使熒光恢復(fù)。該檢測(cè)器對(duì)目標(biāo)分子具有極高的靈敏度,LOD低至1 μg/mL,即使在多干擾混合的復(fù)雜樣品中仍保持極高的選擇性,更值得注意的是,S-GQD可通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單處理進(jìn)行回收,以便進(jìn)一步利用。

2.4 生物小分子傳感應(yīng)用

碳點(diǎn)熒光探針還被廣泛用于生物小分子檢測(cè)。包括半胱氨酸(Cys)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)在內(nèi)的生物硫醇在生物系統(tǒng)中普遍存在,體內(nèi)生物硫醇水平異常與多種疾病相關(guān)[82]。Sun等[83]溶劑熱處理3-二乙氨基苯酚制備了綠色發(fā)射碳點(diǎn),并對(duì)其進(jìn)行2,4-二硝基苯磺酰基(DNBS)共價(jià)修飾,得到功能化CDs (g-CD-DNBS)作為生物硫醇的納米探針。添加生物硫醇后,探針的DNBS基團(tuán)被硫醇基團(tuán)去除,這導(dǎo)致綠色熒光逐漸恢復(fù),Cys、Hcy和GSH檢出限分別為69、74、69 nmol/L。然而,較小的Stocks位移制約了其體內(nèi)應(yīng)用。為此,Liu等[84]采取兩步碳化法合成了新型碳點(diǎn)(Scy-CDs),Stokes位移達(dá)到106 nm,表現(xiàn)出敏感的“on-off-on”熒光行為。由于d-PET過(guò)程,Scy-CDs具有顯著的pH依賴性行為,在pH值7.0~3.92范圍內(nèi)熒光猝滅,而加入Cys/Hcy后,d-PET被有效抑制,熒光完全恢復(fù)。值得注意的是,細(xì)胞定位實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示碳點(diǎn)可用于溶酶體成像,表明Scy-CDs可在亞細(xì)胞水平上監(jiān)測(cè)溶酶體H+和Cys/Hcy。碳點(diǎn)-金納米簇復(fù)合材料所構(gòu)建的比率型熒光探針具有減少外部干擾,提高檢測(cè)靈敏性的特性[85],同時(shí)多種基于生物硫醇與金屬離子親和力的金屬離子摻雜碳點(diǎn)也被用于生物硫醇檢測(cè)[82?86]。

多巴胺(DA)作為一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)可調(diào)節(jié)大腦中多種生理過(guò)程,理想化熒光探針對(duì)于DA相關(guān)疾病的早期檢測(cè)與治療是必不可少的。Sangubotla等[87]制備了姜黃素衍生碳點(diǎn),并對(duì)其進(jìn)行3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)功能化修飾,將漆酶共價(jià)固定在其表面,得到了新型生物探針(APTG-CDs),對(duì)多巴胺在0~30 μmol/L范圍內(nèi)呈顯著的線性熒光猝滅,檢出限為41.2 nmol/L,并在血清和腦脊液樣本中表現(xiàn)出良好的實(shí)用性。Tang等[88]將N-[3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙基]乙二胺(AEATMS)與DA經(jīng)溫和縮合反應(yīng)生成氨基硅烷功能化碳點(diǎn)(SiCDs),可直接用于探測(cè)多巴胺。金屬或非金屬摻雜的熒光/比色雙模碳點(diǎn)傳感器可實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)儀器檢測(cè),簡(jiǎn)化檢測(cè)過(guò)程[89?90]。

糖尿病嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康,迫切需要設(shè)計(jì)高靈敏度、高選擇性、高可靠性的葡萄糖檢測(cè)方法。Li等[91]利用可逆動(dòng)態(tài)共價(jià)鍵將多羥基碳點(diǎn)組裝在苯硼酸(PBA)分子刷修飾的磁性納米顆粒上,制備了新型復(fù)合熒光探針,葡萄糖LOD低至0.15 μmol/L。葡萄糖在葡萄糖氧化酶(GOx)的作用下,被催化水解為H2O2和葡萄糖酸,通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)反應(yīng)生成物可間接檢測(cè)葡萄糖[92]。Zhu等[93]開(kāi)發(fā)了基于Ti3C2納米片和紅色發(fā)射碳點(diǎn)(RCDs)的高效檢測(cè)傳感器,Ti3C2通過(guò)IFE可有效猝滅RCDs熒光。利用GOx催化葡萄糖產(chǎn)生的H2O2氧化Ti3C2納米片導(dǎo)致熒光恢復(fù),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)葡萄糖的高靈敏定量檢測(cè)。Rossini等[94]基于酶促反應(yīng)的熒光碳點(diǎn)紙平臺(tái)成功用于血清與尿液樣本中葡萄糖檢測(cè)。Zhang等[95]建立雙模(比色法和熒光法)檢測(cè)葡萄糖,并與智能手機(jī)結(jié)合,提高了檢測(cè)便捷性。酶活性容易受到多種因素影響,對(duì)于檢測(cè)要求較高,不利于復(fù)雜樣本檢測(cè)。Chao等[96]結(jié)合pH高度敏感的熒光探針與具有GOx活性的AgNPs,開(kāi)發(fā)了用于葡萄糖檢測(cè)的新型熒光探針,并通過(guò)綠色制備工藝制備了兩種淀粉基固態(tài)材料。除上述的小分子外,碳點(diǎn)熒光探針也被廣泛應(yīng)用于尿酸、膽固醇、ATP、活性氮、H2S和維生素等其他生物小分子檢測(cè)[97-102]。

2.5 腫瘤標(biāo)志物傳感應(yīng)用

腫瘤標(biāo)志物是一類可在血漿或其他體液中檢測(cè)到的分子,可以預(yù)測(cè)腫瘤的行為。碳點(diǎn)依賴固有光學(xué)性質(zhì)已成功用于多種腫瘤相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物的檢測(cè)。Qi等[103]制備了高量子產(chǎn)率的熒光N,P共摻雜碳點(diǎn)(N,P-Cdots),利用抗原-抗體特異性識(shí)別選擇性的對(duì)癌胚抗原(CEA)進(jìn)行定量檢測(cè),最佳條件下LOD僅為1 nmol/L。Bharathi等[104]基于FRET開(kāi)發(fā)了超靈敏的全石墨烯量子點(diǎn)(GQD)熒光探針,用于卵巢癌生物標(biāo)志物人附睪蛋白4 (HE4)的定量檢測(cè)。最佳條件下,比率型探針LOD低至4.8 pmol/L,具有4 pmol/L~300 nmol/L的超大動(dòng)態(tài)范圍。Han等[105]利用特異性抗體分別標(biāo)記碳點(diǎn)和AgNPs,當(dāng)HE4存在時(shí),通過(guò)抗原-抗體相互作用形成CDs-HE4-AgNPs三明治復(fù)合物。基于金屬增強(qiáng)熒光(MEF)效應(yīng),AgNPs可作為信號(hào)放大器,顯著增強(qiáng)納米平臺(tái)熒光強(qiáng)度,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)HE4的高效檢測(cè)。Deb等[106]采取更為綠色的方法,通過(guò)微波處理甜橙汁合成了生物源碳點(diǎn)(OCD)并與IgG偶聯(lián),制得免疫傳感器(IgG-OCD),用于血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)的檢測(cè)。最佳條件下,該免疫傳感器表現(xiàn)出較寬的線性范圍(0.1 fg/mL~10 pg/mL),極高的靈敏度(LOD=5.65 pg/mL)和良好的抗干擾能力,并成功用于實(shí)際樣本的檢測(cè)。

除蛋白類標(biāo)志物外,某些酶也在腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)過(guò)量表達(dá)。Sidhu等[107]制備功能化碳點(diǎn)(fCDs),可通過(guò)“on-off-on”策略實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)硫氧還蛋白還原酶(TrxR)的檢測(cè)。碳點(diǎn)表面DTPA可與Cu2+絡(luò)合導(dǎo)致fCDs的藍(lán)色熒光淬滅,而在TrxR作用下DTPA的二硫鍵被還原,釋放Cu2+強(qiáng)雙齒螯合劑3-巰基丙酸將Cu2+帶離CDs表面,CDs熒光強(qiáng)度恢復(fù),表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力和親和作用,LOD低至20 nmol/L。Behi等[108]通過(guò)JR2EC多肽偶聯(lián)熒光碳點(diǎn)和AuNPs,設(shè)計(jì)了納米生物平臺(tái)用于檢測(cè)唾液腺癌生物標(biāo)志物金屬蛋白酶-7 (MMP-7)。JR2EC多肽與MMP-7具有極高的親和力,MMP-7的存在會(huì)導(dǎo)致JR2EC多肽裂解,從而破壞納米探針結(jié)構(gòu),使得碳點(diǎn)猝滅的熒光恢復(fù),該設(shè)計(jì)為生物標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)提供新的思路,通過(guò)不同的多肽序列,可用作通用的多類型診斷平臺(tái)。Zhang等[109]報(bào)道了由單分子DNA結(jié)構(gòu)和石墨烯量子點(diǎn)構(gòu)成的功能性納米復(fù)合材料,作為診斷探針檢測(cè)活細(xì)胞中無(wú)嘌呤/無(wú)嘧啶核酸內(nèi)切酶1 (APE1)。值得注意的是,在該探針中GQDs并不是作為熒光基團(tuán),而是作為猝滅劑屏蔽APE1作用前的熒光信號(hào)。少量的細(xì)胞APE1即可通過(guò)酶循環(huán)過(guò)程觸發(fā)熒光信號(hào)大量累積,因此診斷探針敏感度極高(LOD=0.29 pmol/L),可通過(guò)不同細(xì)胞APE1表達(dá)水平區(qū)分同類型活細(xì)胞。

此外,某些分子也可作為標(biāo)志物,用于腫瘤的早期診斷過(guò)程。Mahani等[16]報(bào)道了基于CQDs的分子信標(biāo)(MB)信號(hào)增強(qiáng)FRET納米生物傳感器,用于熒光檢測(cè)microRNA-21,為腫瘤的早期診斷提供了有價(jià)值的工具。Li等[110]利用茜素胭脂紅制備了比率型熒光探針,用于高靈敏的區(qū)分正常細(xì)胞和癌細(xì)胞。Rajalakshmi等[111]制備了無(wú)金屬熒光碳點(diǎn)(TAG-CDs),選擇性檢測(cè)前列腺標(biāo)志物檸檬酸鹽,該探針可輕易穿過(guò)細(xì)胞膜,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)活細(xì)胞中檸檬酸的細(xì)胞成像,并對(duì)尿液樣品中檸檬酸含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定。

單一標(biāo)志物的敏感性或特異性無(wú)法滿足臨床要求,而多標(biāo)志物同時(shí)檢測(cè)的探針則可彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷。He等[112]基于CDs與氧化石墨烯(GO)之間的FRET,并結(jié)合催化發(fā)夾自組裝(CHA)開(kāi)發(fā)了通用的檢測(cè)方法。在沒(méi)有目標(biāo)物的情況下,CD標(biāo)記的發(fā)夾DNA吸附到GO上,導(dǎo)致熒光猝滅,而目標(biāo)物的引入可以觸發(fā)CHA形成Y型雙鏈DNA (dsDNA),從而恢復(fù)CD的熒光信號(hào)。該方法可用于前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)、CEA和ATP的檢測(cè),LOD分別為0.22 ng/mL、0.56 ng/mL和80 nmol/L。Wang等[113]結(jié)合氧化石墨烯量子點(diǎn)(GOQDs)和微流控芯片優(yōu)勢(shì),開(kāi)發(fā)了通用生物傳感平臺(tái),可同時(shí)檢測(cè)多種腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物,該生物芯片能夠在40 min內(nèi)同時(shí)檢測(cè)包括癌胚抗原CEA、癌抗原125 (CA125)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌抗原199 (CA199)和癌抗原153 (CA153)等臨床樣本中的多種生物標(biāo)志物,最重要的是,所需檢測(cè)樣品量?jī)H為2 mL,同時(shí)具有極寬的線性定量范圍(5 pg~0.5 mg)和較低的檢出限(1 pg/mL)。Wang等[114]通過(guò)硅氧鍵結(jié)合樹(shù)枝狀介孔二氧化硅納米顆粒(DMSN)和熒光碳點(diǎn)(CD560)制備了新型納米熒光探針,采用熒光側(cè)流免疫分析法(FLFIA)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)腫瘤標(biāo)志物CA125和HE4的雙重檢測(cè)。碳點(diǎn)的黃色熒光可以消除藍(lán)色背景,提高檢測(cè)靈敏度,而DMSN的存在不僅有利于CDs的穩(wěn)定發(fā)光,同時(shí)起到信號(hào)放大的作用。

 

 

3、 展望

 

 

碳點(diǎn)作為一種新興納米材料,具有生物相容性好、表面基團(tuán)豐富、理化性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定、碳源豐富易得的等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。相較于傳統(tǒng)有機(jī)熒光染料和半導(dǎo)體熒光納米材料,碳點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)出更為優(yōu)異的水溶性、光穩(wěn)定性和生物相容性,已成為新型熒光探針設(shè)計(jì)的熱點(diǎn)分子。同時(shí),碳點(diǎn)熒光探針的研究也面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn):碳點(diǎn)合成產(chǎn)率較低,且純化過(guò)程耗時(shí)較長(zhǎng),不利于探針的大規(guī)模制備;高熒光性能的碳點(diǎn)仍然缺乏,雖然有研究指出了協(xié)調(diào)熒光的方法,但其制備結(jié)果仍有不可控性。

總之,碳點(diǎn)熒光探針具有其獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì),并已成功用于多種分子傳感,期待對(duì)上述缺陷進(jìn)行有效改進(jìn),為基于碳點(diǎn)熒光探針的開(kāi)發(fā)利用提供新思路。

 

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